Category (Vaisheshika)

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| main = {{#invoke:SDcat |setCat}} | other | #default = }} Template:Hindu philosophy Template:IAST is a Sanskrit word for "categories" in Vaisheshika and Nyaya schools of Indian philosophy.

Etymology

The term Template:IAST is a portmanteau of Template:IAST, "word" and Template:IAST, "meaning" or "referent", and so the term Template:IAST indicates "the meaning or referent of words".

Philosophical significance

Almost all of India's philosophical systems accept liberation as life's ultimate goal; it is the summum bonum. Each philosophy prescribes the means to that end independently. According to Aksapada Gautama, liberation can be attained by true knowledge of the categories or padārthas. According to the Vaisheshika school, all things that exist, which can be conceptualized, and that can be named are padārthas, the objects of experience.

Types

Vaisheshika

According to Vaisheshika, padārtha or objects of experience can be divided as Template:IAST (real existence) and Template:IAST (non-existence). The bhāva padārthas are of six types, while abhāva was added later. These are:

• Template:IAST (substance), an entity having guna and karma
• Template:IAST (quality), the substrate of substance, devoid of action
• Template:IAST (activity), transient and dynamic, i.e., upward movement, downward movement, contraction, expansion, and locomotion
• Template:IAST (generality), the classicism of the substances i.e. papa, apara, parapara
• Template:IAST (particularity)
• Template:IAST (inherence)
• Template:IAST (non-existence), add by later Vaiśeṣikas scholars such as Śrīdhara, Udayana and Śivāditya.

Nyaya

Nyāya metaphysics recognizes sixteen Template:IASTs, the second of which, called Template:IAST, includes the six (or seven) categories of the Vaiśeṣika school. They are:

Western philosophy

Template:IASTs are distinct from the categories of Aristotle, Kant, and Hegel. According to Aristotle, categories are logical classification of predicates; Kant states that categories are only patterns of understanding, while Hegel’s categories are dynamic stages in the development of thought. The Vaiśeṣika categories are a metaphysical classification of all knowable objects.

Aristotle accepts ten categories:

• Substance
• Quality
• Quantity
• Relation
• Place
• Time
• Posture
• Property
• Activity
• Passivity

The Vaiśeṣikas instead place the concepts of time and place under substance; relation under quality; inherence, quantity and property under quality. Passivity is considered the opposite of activity. Akṣapāda Gautama enumerates sixteen Template:IASTs.

See also

• Vaisheshika#The Categories or Padārtha
• Nyaya#Sixteen categories (padārthas)
• Categories_(Aristotle)
• Kanada

External links

• Category in the Encyclopædia Britannica
• Padārtha in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy